![]() The nature of a formation is determined by its modes of economic production and, based on the latter, the society's class structure. Thus, the Germanic and Slavic peoples moved directly from the communal-clan to the feudal formation, bypassing the slaveholding stage. These categories are supposed to possess a universal, worldwide validity, although differences in the rate of progress among individual peoples are recognized it is also possible to skip a stage under certain circumstances. According to Marxist theory, humanity advances through a sequence of socioeconomic ‘formations’-primeval communist (communal- clan society), slaveholding, feudal, capitalist, and socialist-towards the final future goal of full communism. Feudalism is seen as limited basically to Western Europe only isolated feudalistic features appeared occasionally in other civilizations.Ī much broader meaning is ascribed to the concept of feudalism in Soviet historiography, which stresses its socioeconomic rather than institutional aspect. ![]() Feudalism emerged in the post-Carolingian period (9th–10th centuries AD), and it passed away, save for some survivals, with the transition from the Middle Ages to modern times (15th–16th century). The hallmarks of feudalism, according to Western historians, are the institutions of vassalage (a contract binding lord and vassal by bonds of loyalty and mutual obligations) and fief or benefice (heritable land held by a vassal from a lord in return for military and other services). Feudalism is a controversial topic in Ukrainian history, and East Slavic history in general, because of a different understanding of that concept in Western (including non-Soviet Ukrainian) and Soviet Marxist scholarship.
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